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For centuries, coffee has accompanied humanity, becoming a symbol of gathering, energy, and tradition. Its history is intertwined with trade routes, the discovery of new territories, and the evolution of various cultures. What began as a wild fruit in Ethiopia transformed into a global phenomenon, giving rise to an endless variety of flavors, aromas, and preparations. Today, we present the different types of coffee, from the classic to the less common. Which one is your favorite?
Origin of Coffee
It is said that centuries ago, an Ethiopian shepherd named Kaldi noticed how his goats became more active after consuming the red berries from a bush. Intrigued by this discovery, he decided to try them himself and experienced a sudden burst of energy. And so, the legend of coffee was born. Over time, its use spread to the Arabian Peninsula, where monks adopted it as an ally for long hours of nightly prayer. From the ports of Yemen, the brew crossed the sea to Istanbul and Venice, becoming the preferred drink of intellectuals and traders. In the 17th century, Europeans brought coffee cultivation to Latin America, where some of the world’s most important coffee-growing regions are now found.
Types of Coffee: Robusta, Arabica, and Beyond
Talking about coffee takes us into a world of varieties. Among the most well-known are Coffea Arabica and Coffea Canephora (known as Robusta), although there are other species that contribute unique characteristics to the drink.
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Arabica Coffee: Making up about 70% of global production, Arabica coffee is appreciated for its smoothness and complexity of flavors. It grows at high altitudes, where the cool climate allows the beans to mature slowly, developing sweet, fruity, and floral notes. Brazil, Colombia, and Ethiopia are some of the main producers of this variety, often enjoyed in more delicate preparations like filtered coffee or cold brew.
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Robusta Coffee: More resistant to pests and with a higher caffeine content, Robusta coffee is known for its strong, bitter flavor. Native to West Africa, this bean is crucial in the preparation of espressos due to its dense body and thick crema. Vietnam has become the leading producer of Robusta, using its beans in blends to provide greater intensity in preparations.
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Liberica and Excelsa: Though less popular, Liberica and Excelsa coffee have unique sensory profiles. The former, cultivated in the Philippines and Malaysia, is known for its smoky aroma and exotic fruity notes. Excelsa, on the other hand, offers vibrant acidity and a fruity touch, making it ideal for blending with other varieties.
Robusta and arabic coffee
Robusta and Arabica coffee is more than just a drink; it is a sensory experience. Depending on its origin and cultivation process, it may present notes of chocolate, caramel, citrus, or red fruits. For example, Ethiopian beans often offer floral and fruity nuances, while Brazilian beans stand out for their chocolatey sweetness. The Geisha variety, originating in Ethiopia but popularized in Panama, is one of the most exclusive and expensive in the world, famous for its floral and delicate profile.
With over 10 billion kilograms consumed annually, coffee is the second most consumed beverage after water. Finland leads the list with a per capita consumption of 12 kg annually, followed by Norway and Sweden. In Latin America, Brazil stands out both as a producer and consumer, while the United States leads global coffee imports.
Beyond consumption, coffee drives a multimillion-dollar industry. Brazil, Vietnam, and Colombia are the leading exporters, providing employment for millions of people in rural areas. However, climate change and price volatility are constant challenges for coffee farmers.
Benefits and nutritional properties of coffee
Coffee is much more than an energy source. In 100 ml of black coffee, we find just 2 kcal, no fats or carbohydrates, but a high content of antioxidants. Moderate consumption has been associated with several health benefits:
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Improves concentration and cognitive performance by stimulating the central nervous system.
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Protects the liver, reducing the risk of cirrhosis and liver diseases.
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Reduces the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
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Supports metabolism, helping with fat burning and weight control.
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Contributes to lowering the risk of type 2 diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity.
Adverse Effects: Such as insomnia, anxiety, gastrointestinal problems, and caffeine dependency.
Conclusion
Over the centuries, different cultures have developed unique ways to prepare coffee. In Italy, espresso is a ritual, an explosion of flavor in a small sip. In Mexico, coffee with cinnamon and piloncillo evokes ancient traditions. Turkey and Greece have perfected their method, boiling ground coffee along with sugar until a thick and intense drink is formed.
Modern trends have given rise to new ways to enjoy coffee. Cold brew, which is prepared by infusing coffee in cold water for several hours, has gained popularity for its smoothness and low acidity. Meanwhile, the arrival of baristas and latte art has elevated coffee consumption to an art form.
The different types of Robusta and Arabica coffee are more than just a drink; they are a tradition, an economic engine, and an endless source of pleasure. From the mountains of Ethiopia to the coffee shops of New York, its aroma and flavor connect us with stories, cultures, and unforgettable moments. As the world continues to explore new ways to enjoy it, coffee remains the steadfast companion that wakes us up every morning and invites us to share, think, and feel. To learn more about culinary content, visit our blog at mentta.